Moving from theory to practice, the article also presents a summary analysis of schemes for burden differentiation suggested by governments in the course of the negotiations leading up to the kyoto protocol. The kyoto protocol is a protocol to the united nations framework convention on climate change, an international environmental treaty with the goal of stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The burdensharing agreement bsa redistributes the reduction target among the member states. First, we find that governments that are ideologically divided with regard to the environment make slower progress towards full. The internal burdensharing agreement the ncc was given the task to present a proposal on the distribution of belgiums target of 7,5% among its regions. To do this, we look at the european union eu member states progress towards the greenhouse gas emissions targets set for them by the kyoto protocol and the eus burden sharing agreement. Conclusions and outlook to the future acknowledgements glossary bibliography biographical sketch summary. Editorial note this issue of policy quarterly focuses exclusively on the global challenge of climate change and, in. Rethinking the kyoto emissions targets mit economics mit joint program on the. To bridge the gap between the end of the 1st kyoto period in 2012 and the start of the new global agreement in 2020, an amendment to the kyoto protocol was adopted at the doha qatar climate change conference in december 2012. The 1997 kyoto protocol to the unfccc will control industrialised countries. Navigating various flexibility mechanisms under european.
The parties of the burden sharing would have to agree on a model which re. All opinions expressed are the sole responsibility of the author. However, beyond the historical view of who has caused. It tries to make the complex international negotiation process. United states in 2001 stepped away from the agreement after george w. We add to this discussion by exploring the ways in which parties matter for policy outcomes.
Following the commitments made in kyoto, an eu internal arrangement was agreed in 1998, which laid down the specific individual targets for the commitment period 20082012 for each of the 15 ms to reach the overall reduction of 8%8. The more ambitious target of a 30% emissions reduction results in an emission ceiling of 3,934 mt co. In the concluding section we discuss the implications of our analysis for the design of more specific burden sharing rules. For these eu15 member states, the kyoto protocol compliance procedures will only apply if the eu15 as a whole misses its 8% reduction target. Under the kyoto protocol the european union agreed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by 8 percent.
Decision 2002358 eu approval of the kyoto protocol burden sharing agreement documentation first commitment period of kyoto protocol 20082012 081120 20644eu commission implementing decision amending decision 2006944ec to include the emission level allocated to the republic of croatia under the kyoto protocol. On 31 may 2002, the eu and all its member states ratified the kyoto protocol. The negotiation of burdensharing, ucd dublin european institute working paper 0811, july 2008. Under that agreement the federal authorities have a double commitment. They intend both to cut emissions by 24 million tons on average 4,8 mtons a year and to buy 12,2 mtons of emission credits abroad on average 2,44 mtons a year. The kyoto protocol specifies that industrialised countries have quantified, binding obligations in international law to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions from 2008 to 2012. The protocol constitutes the first international environmental agreement that builds on market based instruments to determine costefficient responses to the undisputed need for ghg abatement. In 2002 the kyoto targets and the burdensharing agreement were approved9, they became binding community law in 200410. Eu reaches co2 stabilisation target despite upturn in. Preparing for implementation of the kyoto protocol. This target is shared between the member states under a legally binding burdensharing agreement, which sets individual emissions targets for each member state 4. I thank daniel ahn, blair labarge, heather klemick, rodney ludema, valerie.
The sharing out of emissions allowances among the 15 member states under the eu bubble. Is international cooperation to address climate change a matter of sharing a common burden between countries or of maximizing the benefits of preventing. There is growing interest in whether and how parties matter. Negotiating weights for burden sharing rules among. The allocation of emission reductions in the kyoto protocol is investigated in relation to the different arguments advanced during the kyoto negotiations. Burden sharing after 2012 abstract regardless of whether or not the kyoto protocol enters into force, the eu may decide to set itself a longterm greenhouse gas emission target and thus to continue its leadership role in international climate policy. Further examples for c ombinations of different burden sharing concepts to successfully address social dilemmasituations include transferable. United states senate committee on environment and public works. Kyoto or national targets, then the traded sector should pick up the shortfall, otherwise the targets may not be achieved.
As mentioned above, per capita indicators have already been incorporated into a number of proposals. The internal burden sharing agreement 2004 negotiated between the federal and regional governments also constituted an. Each countrys emissions reduction target is based on criteria designed to ensure equitable burdensharing. An important first achievement in this discussion was the kyoto protocol to the climate convention. For the purposes of the eu burden sharing agreement under article 4 of the doha amendment to the kyoto protocol, in december 2012, ireland agreed to limit the net growth of the six greenhouse gases ghgs under the kyoto protocol to 20% below the 2005 level over the period 20 to. A key success factor in the 1997 burden sharing agreement was the embedding of the triptych.
This new burdensharing, called by the european commission as the effort sharing regulation, is based on a gdp per capita rule and aims to reflect the economic capacity of each european member state on. The union provided the ambition that drove the search for an agreement based on targets and timetables under the 1995 berlin mandate, implemented the worlds first international emissions trading system in response to its kyoto obligations and performed the complex diplomacy that led to eventual entry into force of the protocol on 16 february. In general,the kyoto protocol adopted the principle of burdensharing differentiated commitments for north and south whereby the industrialised countries,as the main polluters of past decades,are the first to start. Sharing the costs of climate change christiaan vrolijk the royal institute of international affairs, london, uk michael grubb imperial college of science, technology and medicine, london, uk keywords. According to the burdensharing agreement between eu member states, finland is committed under the kyoto protocol to bringing national average annual emissions down to their 1990 level in the 20082012 period. The paper deals with postkyoto burden shar ing question for industrial and developing country partners. An agreement on burden sharing was reached in june 1998 and will be made legally binding as part of the eus instrument of ratification of the kyoto protocol. Last but not least, kyoto after tough bargaining came up with a burden sharing. A burdensharing agreement between eu governments lays down differentiated emissions limits for each member state with the aim of ensuring that the eu meets its overall 8% reduction commitment under the protocol.
Last but not least, kyoto after tough bargaining came up with a burdensharing. Should this occur, then each member state will be held to its target under the burdensharing agreement, and the eu as a whole will be in noncompliance with its obligation to reach the 8% target. Canada, australia, japan, and russia eventually have stepped away from. Implementation of the kyoto protocol by the federal. Nevertheless, few studies have empirically examined the determinants of burden sharing in this context. The ethics of burdensharing in the global greenhouse the ethics of burdensharing in the global greenhouse wesley, e peterson, f.
International environmental agreements and the case of. The proposal extends the burdensharing framework designed in 2008. Should this occur, then each member state will be held to its target under the burden sharing agreement, and the eu as a whole will be in noncompliance with its obligation to reach the 8% target. The belgian burdensharing agreement allocates the kyoto efforts between the regions and the federal state. In general,the kyoto protocol adopted the principle of burden sharing differentiated commitments for north and south whereby the industrialised countries,as the main polluters of past decades,are the first to start. Table 1 burden sharing and changes in greenhouse gas. For that reason the council has requested the commission on several. Under the treaty, 38 developed countries signed up to reduce their mean annual greenhouse gas emissions from. According to the ipcc ther e is a need for 5070 % reduction in green. The climate change convention and its kyoto protocol in particular. We then examine a set of proposals for differentiating obligations that have been submitted by governments in the negotiations leading up to the kyoto protocol to see which principles have been honored.
European experiences with burden sharing in climate change. Overview of climate targets in europe climate policy. Bush became president and thereby doomed the idea of an equitable burden sharing arrangement for reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. Even though this was not identical with the final burden sharing rule outcome of agreement in the kyoto protocol, it was perceived as being useful to facilitate negotiation process at the european level. Ghg emissions 20% below 1990 levels or % below 2005 levels by 2020.
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